Geothermal development in Europe can be traced back more than a century, but the market is still at an early stage. Thus, EGSs use stimulation techniques to develop suitable porosity/fracture patterns and increase fluid circulation to reach industrial operating conditions. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) are geothermal systems where a low natural permeability reservoir does not permit industrial use. Naturally occurring geothermal systems are known as hydrothermal and are characterized by the local availability of a resource fluid. Geothermal fluids show different compositions and gas concentrations depending on the geological formation of the reservoir, geographical location, fluid temperature, and depth. Generally, low-temperature reservoirs are in a single liquid phase, whereas high-temperature reservoirs can be liquid or vapor dominated. The conversion can occur through the direct use of steam or the indirect use of hot water. Geothermal power plants employ geothermal fluids extracted from convective hydrothermal reservoirs to produce energy (electricity, heat, or both). Riccardo Basosi, in Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Geothermal Power Plants, 2021 4.1 Introduction Life cycle assessment of geothermal power plants Heat from the geothermal fluid causes the secondary fluid to vaporize and drive the turbines. Hot geothermal fluid and a secondary (hence, binary) fluid with a much lower boiling point than that of water pass through a heat exchanger. Energy is extracted from these fluids in binary cycle power plants. Most geothermal areas contain moderate-temperature water (<338☏). A second-stage, even lower pressure phase is employed in dual-flash plants to extract additional energy from fluids unflashed in the first phase. The steam then drives a turbine and generator. For these power plants, hot geothermal fluids come out of the ground under pressure and above boiling, and are sprayed into a tank held at a much lower pressure than the fluid, causing some of the fluid to rapidly vaporize or “flash” to steam. Hydrothermal fluids above approximately 338☏ (170☌) can be used in flash steam plants to make electricity. In the United States, these plants are found exclusively at geysers, a high-quality steam-dominated resource.
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Dry steam plants use steam directly to turn a turbine, which drives a generator that produces electricity. There are three types of geothermal electricity-generating technologies in operation: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle. This modularity provides flexibility additional units can be added as needed. Plants can be built in a modular fashion. They provide baseload power and operate at capacity factors of 85–90% or more. Geothermal power plants are reliable and productive, with a secure fuel supply. John Carlin, in Encyclopedia of Energy, 2004 5.2.1 Power Plants The cooled water from the cooling tower is pumped back to continue the process.
Hot water that is extracted by deep digging underneath the earth is pumped through a well under high pressure. Following are the significant steps that are followed to generate electricity using geothermal power plants: It is significant to enlist the steps followed to generate electrical power through geothermal power plants.
The produced steam is employed to the turbine to generate mechanical work and the generator converts it into electricity. The constructing undergoes deep digging to extract hot water or steam, and pressure is dropped when water approaches the surface that converts water into steam. The steam temperature of higher than 150☌ or greater is required from hot water or dry steam wells to turn the turbines effectively and produce an efficient amount of electricity employing geothermal energy.
Geothermal power plants employ hydrothermal resources that consume both thermal energy (heat) and water (hydro).
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